Structures of hydrocarbon hydrates during formation with. For each of the following structural diagrams, write the iupac name. The simplest organic compounds are composed of carbon and hydrogen and are known as hydrocarbons. Several key assumptions of the makogon model should be emphasized before introducing the model. As makogon 1974 indicated, the three main methods of hydrate dissociation are 1 depressurization, in which the pressure p is lowered. Natural gas is a mixture of gases, rich in hydrocarbons formed from the buried fossils and plants under high pressure and temperature for thousands of years. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles. Methane hydrate resource potential associated with the. Functionalized nanoparticles for the dispersion of gas. Select letter corresponding to first letter of authors last name. Microorganisms that convert hydrocarbons to natural gas isolated. They are also used as the starting materials for manufacture of many dyes and drugs.
High resistivities track 3 are the clearest indications of gas hydrates pink shading in this 100ft. What is the process in which large hydrocarbons are converted into smaller hydrocarbons, which provide better fuel. Apr 30, 2015 index terms natural gas hydrates, hydrate structure, gas dehydration, cooling load optimization introduction. All natural gases can form hydrates under different pressure and temperature. Gas hydrates may become an alternative future energy resource as large inplace volumes exist. For each of the following iupac names draw a structural diagram.
The formation of hydrates from a methaneethanepropane mixture is more complex than with single gases. The caliper log track 1 shows washouts in the hydratefree zones blue shading. An overview is provided of hydrates in nature manuscripts among the 800 papers of the seventh international conference on gas hydrates edinburgh, july 1722, 2011, to demonstrate the basic. Hydrocarbons module 7 notes chemistry of organic compounds describe methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical properties of benzene, and list various uses of hydrocarbons. Methane hydrate resource potential associated with the barrow. I wanted to know how the hydrates can be removed once they are formed.
As makogon 1974 indicated, the three main methods of hydrate dissociation are 1. Hydrate removal posted in refining, hydrocarbons, oil, and gas. They are very less reactive towards various reagents. Structure h guest molecules include numerous naturally occurring substances, including adamantane, gasoline range hydrocarbons, and napthalene ingredients. World energy balance, percentage of different energy source in time. Phenomenological modeling of hydrate formation and. To date, however, exploiting the energy stored in methane hydrates is a challenging engineering and environmental problem. Hydrates of hydrocarbons, yuri makogon, 0878147187. All three are used for both energy and as a raw material. Methane hydrates, then, are an immense resource of methane gas, and they could be exploited as fuels. Formation of gas hydrate occurs when water and natural.
Immediately download the hydrocarbon summary, chapterbychapter analysis, book notes, essays, quotes, character descriptions, lesson plans, and more everything you need for studying or teaching hydrocarbon. Gas hydrates in the messoyakha gas field of the west siberian basin a reexamination of the geologic evidence. Natural gas hydrates are solid crystalline compounds formed by the reaction of hydrocarbon with water. One current strategy of hydrate management is to inject an antiagglomerant, a type of lowdosage hydrate inhibitor that prevents hydrate agglomeration. New approaches for the production of hydrocarbons from. Three applications of hydrocarbons as a source of energy. Petroleum is used to make gasoline and a variety of other fuels. To date gas hydrates have been found to occur in three different crystal structures sloan 1998. International journal of offshore and polar engineering, vol. For describing the decomposition model of case 1, the governing equations can be written in a linearized form similar to makogon s 1997 equations for the process of gas hydrate decomposition. Pennwell corp books from this publisher isbns begin. This new book addresses methods of hydrate removal, and most importantly, prevention of hydrate buildup. Makogon encyclopedia of life support systemseolss figure 1. The presence of natural gas hydrates at all active and passive continental margins has been proven.
Gas hydrates are crystals that can form in oil and gas production. Review of gas hydrate dissociation kinetic models for. The goal of these lessons is to introduce highschool students to the use of oil as an energy source in todays hightech world. Currently, advanced loggingwhiledrilling tools are routinely used to investigate the petrophysical. The recognition that natural gas hydrates can block gas transmission lines, led the hydrocarbon industry to invest in efforts aimed at understanding gas hydrates, and thus begins the modern research in this subject. By this time, the temperature front figure 2a has propagated into the hbl and induced dissociation over a radius r 1. In this unit, you will learn more about hydrocarbons. Hunter 2 1 university of alaska, fairbanks, alaska 2 asrc energy services, anchorage, alaska. Aapg european region annual conference exploration in the black sea and caspian regions 1719 october 2010, kiev, ukraine. Hydrates of hydrocarbons, yuri makogon, 0878147187, 9780878147182. Concerns in the use of these chemicals include their toxicity, cost, and environmental impacts. Natural gas is available in two phases hydrates and gas. Petroleum engineering upstream hydrates of natural gas yuri f.
Structures i and ii both crystallize within a cubic. Pdf natural gas hydrates a promising source of energy. The hydrate formation temperature is independent of the freezing point of water, but is definitely dependent upon the system temperature, pressure, and composition. The compressor is a three stage centrifugal machine with intercoolers and scrubbers. For example, methane hydrate can be stable at a pressure of 20 npa to 2 gpa, and at temperatures changing from 70 to 350 k makogon, 1997. This edition supersedes any previously released draft or final profile. Introduction 3 results from human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels for power and heat generation, in power plants, industrial processes and engines of aeroplanes and automobiles.
Hydrate removal refining, hydrocarbons, oil, and gas. Petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons differ in. N goalby 2 homologous series are families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula. Their agglomeration in flowlines may disrupt the normal production. What is the process in which large hydrocarbons are. The gasoline and diesel fuel that are used in cars, trucks, and. Using nuclear magnetic resonance nmr and highpressure powder xray diffraction pxrd, we have investigated the structural properties of natural gas hydrates crystallized in the presence of kinetic hydrate inhibitors khis, two commercial inhibitors and two biological ice inhibitors. The combustor test mentioned above was the reason for setting up the gas engine test rig to test catalyst. Dear all,we have a natural gas compressor system in which hydrate formation is predicted by hysys below 15 deg c in the third stage cooler outlet at about 49 barg g. Petroleum hydrocarbons are chemical compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon that are constituents of petroleum and various refined products of petroleum, including automotive gasoline, diesel fuel, lubricating oils, and the like. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pah are a group of contaminants that constitute a large class of organic compounds containing two or more fused aromatic rings made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
The concept of resonance is used to explain this phenomena. Gas hydrates that contain large volumes of hydrocarbon energy. Is the oil we rely on for energy really derived from organic sources as per fossil fuel theory, or is it constantly being regenerated within earths mantle from rocks as per abiogenic oil theory. In fact, aside from the difficulties of deepsea operations, nowadays technologies do not protect against the risk of putting large amounts. Makogon on the black sea gas hydrates on the history of opening and current state of the gas hydrates research in the world, as well as the prospects for the development of gas hydrates in the black sea. Importance and applications in petroleum exploration 2001 18 marine and petroleum geology 519. The ou researchers found that they can use their organisms to convert hydrocarbons in oil reservoirs to natural gas. Methane is the main gas in naturally occurring gas hydrates. Their global occurrence as well as the fact that huge amounts of methane and other lighter hydrocarbons are stored in natural gas hydrates has led to the idea of using hydrate bearing sediments as an energy resource. That could be a potential solution for energy problems of our planet in the transition towards renewable energy sources. Gas hydrates are solid crystalline compounds of water and methane that are similar to snowthey form in and block gas wells and lines and cause fouling of heat exchangers when the gas is cooled.
A toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was released in december 1990. Types of hydrocarbons each c atom is linear with sp hybridized orbitals. Hydrates of natural gas, consisting methane ch 4, ethane c 2 h 6 and propane c 3 h 8, is present beneath the seabed along the continental margins and in. They show a gradual change in physical properties e. The following summarizes the current status of gas hydrates as a natural resource. Gas hydrates are solid crystalline compounds that consist of water and gas molecules. Bonding and molecular structure, families of carbon compounds, organic reactions and their mechanisms, nomenclature and conformations of alkanes and cycloalkanes, stereochemistry, ionic reactions, alkenes and alkynes, alcohols and ethers, 0 alcohols from carbonyl compounds. Hydrates or clathrates of hydrocarbons what is chemistry. He itemizes the various features of gas hydrates as distinct from other forms of hydrocarbons. Thus, makogon first addressed the problem of hydrate decomposition by a pressure decrease using an analogy of the classical stefans problem for melting with a selfsimilar solution obtained after linearization of equations of the gas filtration. Hydrocarbons include coal, petroleum and natural gas as the main forms currently in use. Microorganisms that convert hydrocarbons to natural gas. Pdf naturally occurring hydrates were discovered only 39 years ago makogon, 1965. The linearized form of the governing equations as reported by makogon is used in analysis of case 2.
Naming rules for organic compounds the names of organic molecules are divided into three parts. Properties and uses of unsaturated hydrocarbons quizlet. Numerical modeling of gas dissociation from gas hydrate in. Naming aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, solution lsm 1. An overview is provided of hydrates in nature manuscripts among the 800 papers of the seventh international conference on gas hydrates edinburgh, july 1722, 2011, to. Methane ch h 4 green and white is the guest molecule in a cage formed by water h 2o molecules red and white. Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of oxygen or any other reagents, except possibly.
Dec 05, 2014 n goalby 2 homologous series are families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula. The concept of anaerobic metabolism is an innovative process and the ou initiative is the only one of its kind in the united states at the present time. The results of the uoga general meeting and conference became the basis of a joint decision, which envisages. Propane it is easy to rotate about the cc bond in alkanes.
Petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Index terms natural gas hydrates, hydrate structure, gas dehydration, cooling load optimization introduction. The alkanes are hydrocarbons similar to methane in structural and properties, but differ from it in that their molecules are built up from a larger number of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydrates of natural gas, consisting methane ch 4, ethane c 2 h 6 and propane c 3 h 8, is present beneath the seabed along the continental margins and in permafrost regions are known to. Also venezuela is in the vanguard, with a production that amounts. Grauls is a geologist with elf exploration and production company in france. In these hydrocarbons the carbon atoms are linked in chains containing 2, 3, 4, or more carbon atoms. Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary, but no less than once every three years.
Review of gas hydrate dissociation kinetic models for energy. Structure h hydrates have been shown to be unique, with a number of large molecules able to fit into the largest cage of these newly discovered gas hydrate. Realworld reading link if you have ridden in a car or a bus, you have used hydrocarbons. Thus, you can well understand the importance of hydrocarbons in your daily life. Important advances have been made over the last two and a half decades on the application of downhole well logging tools wireline electrical resistivity, acoustic logs to measure the occurrence of gas hydrate deposits collett and lee, 2011.
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